Kmed Journal is committed to maintaining the integrity and accuracy of the published record. If errors are identified in a published article, we will issue a correction notice linked to the original article. Corrections may be requested by authors or identified by readers, editors, or reviewers.

Corrections are appropriate for errors that:

• Do not invalidate the main conclusions of the study
• Affect the interpretation of data or results but do not compromise the overall findings
• Involve author affiliations, funding statements, or acknowledgements

Minor typographical errors that do not affect meaning are corrected silently in the online version.

Retraction is the mechanism for correcting the literature when an article is found to be so seriously flawed that its findings or conclusions cannot be relied upon. Reasons for retraction include:

• Research misconduct:Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism
• Honest error:Errors in methods, data analysis, or interpretation that invalidate the findings
• Duplicate publication:Substantial overlap with another published work
• Ethical violations:Lack of ethics approval, violation of patient consent, animal welfare violations
• Undisclosed conflicts of interest that significantly compromise the validity of findings

Retraction notices are published and linked to the original article. The retracted article remains online with a clear retraction watermark but is clearly marked as retracted in all databases and indexes.

In cases where concerns about an article are raised but investigation is ongoing or inconclusive, we may issue an Expression of Concern to alert readers. This is an interim measure while further investigation takes place.

All post-publication issues are handled in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and flowcharts. We work with authors' institutions, ethics committees, and other stakeholders to investigate allegations of misconduct thoroughly and fairly.

Note: These policies are subject to periodic review and update. Authors, reviewers, and readers should check this page for the most current version. Material changes to policies will be announced via the journal website and communicated to registered users. For questions or clarifications about any policy, please contact the editorial office atsupport@kmedjournals.com.